The work titled “What Men Live By” is an impressive collection of short stories by Lev Tolstoy, delving into deep philosophical and moral questions. Published in 1885, this work explores universal themes such as human real needs, love, mercy, and the existence of God. Tolstoy offers readers a profound spiritual journey while questioning what it means to live, what one needs, and how to find happiness.
The book begins by narrating the story of Simon, a poor cobbler, and his wife, Matriona. One day, while returning from work, Simon finds a naked and shivering man by the roadside. He takes the man, whose name is revealed to be Michael, and helps him. It turns out, Michael is an angel. Through Michael’s story, Tolstoy examines existential questions. Michael explains that he was sent to Earth by God to find answers to three questions: “What dwells in man? What is not given to man? What does man live by?” These questions form the central theme of the story, and Tolstoy seeks to answer them through Michael’s experiences.
The answer to the first question is, “In man there is love.” Tolstoy emphasizes that love is inherent in human nature and is the fundamental emotion that makes us human. The kindness and compassion shown by Simon and Matriona towards Michael reflect this love inherent in humans. Humans act with love and find their happiness by helping others. The answer to the second question is, “Man is not given the knowledge of his own needs.” Tolstoy asserts that humans cannot foresee the future and do not know what they will need in advance. Humans can only live in the moment and are dependent on others because they do not know what the future holds. This uncertainty increases humans’ reliance on others and God for survival. The answer to the third question is, “Man lives by love.” Tolstoy argues that humans exist not by material needs but by spiritual ones. Humans are nourished by emotions such as love, compassion, and mercy. During his stay with Simon and Matriona, Michael survives and recovers thanks to the love and help of this family. Love is the most important force that nourishes the human soul.
Tolstoy’s book “What Men Live By” deeply examines human spiritual values, the power of love, and the importance of mercy. The story imparts important life lessons through seemingly simple yet profound questions. Tolstoy illustrates that humans live not only by material needs but also by love and mercy, and “real” happiness lies in these values. This work is an important reference for anyone seeking to explore their inner journey and the meaning of life. Tolstoy’s masterful treatment of these themes sheds light on humanity’s shared values, retaining its relevance across time and culture.